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WiFi的STA和AP模式指什么？-CSDN博客

WiFi的STA和AP模式指什么？

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-20 15:06:16 发布

谁de如花

最新推荐文章于 2024-01-20 15:06:16 发布

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TI CC2541

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1)：AP，也就是无线接入点，是一个无线网络的创建者，是网络的中心节点。一般家庭或办公室使用的无线路由器就一个AP。

2)：STA站点，每一个连接到无线网络中的终端(如笔记本电脑、PDA及其它可以联网的用户设备)都可称为一个站点。

站点(STA，Station)在无线局域网(WLAN，WirelessLocalAreaNetworks)中一般为客户端，可以是装有无线网卡的计算机，也可以是有WiFi模块的智能手机，可以是移动的，也可以是固定的。在无线环境中STA接入的过程包括：认证STA有没有权限和接入点(AP，AccessPoint)建立链路；STA能不能接入WLAN；以及STA接入WLAN网络之后，认证STA能不能访问网络的权限。

在STA和AP建立链路的过程中，当STA通过信标(Beacon)帧或探测响应(Proberesponse)帧扫描到可接入的服务集标识符(SSID，ServiceSetIdentifier)后，会根据已接收到的Beacon帧或Proberesponse帧的信号强度指示(RSSI，ReceivedSignalStrengthIndication)来选择合适的SSID进行接入。

AP(Access Point):无线接入点，这个概念特别广，在这里，用大白话说，你可以把CC3200当做一个无线路由器，这个路由器的特点不能插入网线，没有接入Internet，只能等待其他设备的链接，并且智能接入一个设备。类似于点对点模式啦。

STA(Station)：任何一个接入无线AP的设备都可以称为一个站点。大白话说也就是平时接入路由器的设备

SSID(Service Set Identifier):SSID,每个无线AP都应该有一个标示用于用户识别，SSID就是这个用于用户识别的的名字，也就是我们经常说到的wifi名。

BSSID:每一个网络设备都有其用于识别的物理地址，这个东西呢就叫MAC地址，这个东西一般情况下出厂会有一个默认值，可更改，也有其固定的命名格式，也是设备识别的标识符。这个BSSID呢是针对设备说的，对于STA的设备来说，拿到AP接入点的MAC地址就是这个BSSID。

ESSID是一个比较抽象的概念，它实际上就和ssid相同（本质也是一串字符），只是能如果有好几个无线路由器都叫这个名字，那么我们就相当于把这个ssid扩大了，所以这几个无线路由器共同的这个名字就叫ESSID。（也就是如果在一台路由器上释放的wifi信号叫某个名字如“China_CMCC”，这个名字“China_CMCC”就称为SSID；如果在好几个路由器上都释放了这个wifi信号，那么大家都叫“China_CMCC”，这个时候大家都遵循的这个名字就是ESSID

举个例子，一家公司面积比较大，安装了若干台无线接入点（AP或者无线路由器），公司员工只需要知道一个SSID就可以在公司范围内任意地方接入无线网络。BSSID其实就是每个无线接入点的MAC地址。当员工在公司内部移动的时候，SSID是不变的。但BSSID随着你切换到不同的无线接入点，是在不停变化的。

用戏称来说，bssid就是具体的某个连锁店编号（001）或地址，ssid就是连锁店的名字或者照片，essid就是连锁店的总公司或者招牌or品牌。一般ssid和essid都是相同的。

RSSI:这个理解起来更简单，就是通过STA扫描到AP站点的信号强度。

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WiFi的STA和AP模式指什么？

1)：AP，也就是无线接入点，是一个无线网络的创建者，是网络的中心节点。一般家庭或办公室使用的无线路由器就一个AP。2)：STA站点，每一个连接到无线网络中的终端(如笔记本电脑、PDA及其它可以联网的用户设备)都可称为一个站点。

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专栏目录

无线通讯wifi模块AP和STA模式区别

08-23

无线通讯wifi模块AP和STA模式区别

Android8.0平台实现双wifi模块STA+AP模式

02-09

Android8.0平台实现双wifi模块STA+AP模式

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wifi中继-sta和ap共存

Bgm_Nilbb的博客

01-20

444

前面自己做了设备做桥接的预研，后与同事讨论发现，但做桥接无法满足产品需求，于是又做了中继功能预研，本文主要讲述linux wifi做中继的通用方法wifi做中继，主要涉及wpa_supplicant、hostapd、udhcpc/udhcpd、iptables等开源库，修改主要分如下几部分。

WIFI模块无线网络工作模式AP和STA的区别

m0_65408534的博客

10-23

606

WIFI工作模式常规分为三种，分别是AP、STA以及二者兼容。

esp-idf-wifi-apsta：带有esp-idf的WIFI_MODE_APSTA示例

02-12

esp-idf-wifi-apsta

带有esp-idf的WIFI_MODE_APSTA示例。

esp-idf包含站点模式（WIFI_MODE_STA）和软ap模式（WIFI_MODE_AP）中的示例，但没有apsta模式（WIFI_MODE_APSTA）中的示例。

我提到。

ESP32芯片具有以下四个MAC地址：

MAC用于WiFi STA模式

MAC用于WiFi AP模式

蓝牙MAC

Mac版以太网

ESP32-S2芯片具有以下两个MAC地址：

MAC用于WiFi STA模式

MAC用于WiFi AP模式

由于它分别具有STA模式MAC和AP模式MAC，因此STA模式和AP模式可以同时工作。无论您分别配置AP模式和STA模式还是在APSTA模式下一次配置它们，结果都是相同的。

软件需求

esp-idf ver4.1或更高版本。

为ESP32安装

git clone ht

WIFI模块中AP模式和STA模式的区别

santirenpc的博客

11-03

2万+

WIFI模块中,AP和STA模式中分别意思是:

1.AP:也就是无线接入点,是一个无线网络的创建者,是网络的中心节点。一般家庭或办公室使用的无线路由器就是一个AP。

2.STA站点就是每一个连接到无线网络中的终端(如笔记本电脑、PDA及其它可以联网的用户设备)都可称为一个站点。

AP模式: Access Point，提供无线接入服务，允许其它无线设备接入，提供数据访问，一般的无线路由/网桥工作在该模式下。AP和AP之间允许相互连接

Sta模式: Station, 类似于无线终端，sta本身并不接

无线网卡AP模式和station模式

STA和SQE有什么区别吗？ - 知乎

STA和SQE有什么区别吗？ - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册质量管理质量工程师供应商管理STA和SQE有什么区别吗？关注者2被浏览24,564关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题添加评论分享1 个回答默认排序知乎用户我在网上查了一下：STA（supplier technology assistant）供应商技术顾问的岗位职责1、负责各系统零部件质量技术管理；2、负责潜在供方的评估；3、配件首批样件的尺寸检测；4、负责对供应商不良品的整改与进度跟踪；5、按照图纸制定合理的检验标准和改进检验标准；6、负责督导供应商质量能力的提升，定期对供应商质量体系与过程能力评估；7、主导采购工程师对供应资源进行优化和整合。SQE（supplier quality engineer）供应商质量工程师的岗位职责：1、进行产品质量、质量管理体系及系统可靠性设计、研究和控制；2、组织实施质量监督检查；3、进行质量的检查、检验、分析、鉴定、咨询；4、进行产品认证、生产许可认证、体系认证、审核员和评审员注册、质量检验机构和实验室考核等合格评定管理；5、调节质量纠纷，组织对重大质量事故调查分析；6、研究开发检验技术、检验方法、检验仪器设备；8、设计、实施、改进、评价质量与可靠性信息系统。我个人的理解是：STA是供应商方向的技术工程师，更关注前期供应商选取、供应商送样确认、量产前技术问题对应。总之他们的关注点是产品技术层面的问题。SQE是关注供应商能不能批量生产出质量可靠的产品，所以不但要从工厂的体系上构建质量体系。还要从产品本身上入手，精确管理每个图纸上要求的尺寸公差要求、性能要求。总之就是关注供应商是否具良好的有生产性。对比来说，假如有个工厂生产袜子，STA可能会更关注你这个产品能不能做出来符合我的图纸要求；SQE更关注你能不能大批量的稳定的做出来，而不是做出来有些袜子长、有些袜子短。发布于 2020-11-19 11:30赞同 61 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起

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时序分析之STA(1) - 知乎

时序分析之STA(1) - 知乎首发于数字设计学习切换模式写文章登录/注册时序分析之STA(1)arrogant lucifer Planet 一个人的兴趣越广泛，他拥有属的快乐机会就越多，而受命运播弄的可能性也就越小，因为即使失去了某一种兴趣，他仍然可以转向另一种。 — —罗素一、 STA时序分析分为动态时序分析（DTA, Dynamic Timing Analysis)和静态时序分析(STA, Static Timing Analysis)。DTA的优点是准确(spice), 可以进行功能验证。缺点是需要激励，速度很慢。STA的优点是运算速度快，缺点是不能进行功能验证，并且会报出一些false的错误。因为DTA太慢，且需要激励，通常使用STA来进行时序分析。在synthesis和place and route时，都需要STA来保证时序正确。静态时序分析：通过为synthesis计算cell和net组成的path的延时，判断path延时是否满足相应时序约束，然后基于path延时，工具从timing library中选择cells来创建一个满足timing要求的电路。之所以称为静态时序分析，是由于没有输入激励文件。STA工具通过读入Netlist、constraints、Timing library、SDF/SPEF、产生report。SDF文件不能进行noise分析，而SPEF文件可以分析noise。SDF是计算好的pin to pin的delay值(according to spef or other parasitic files)，SPEF是每一条net上的parasitic。当想参照noise的时候，除了需要知道driving cell的强弱，也需要知道每一条net上面的loading，而sdf只有一个delay值，所以资讯是不够的，SPEF是STA tools根据RC算一遍延迟等，再分析是不是满足constraint的要求。sdf是已经算好延迟，STA tools只是分析是不是满足要求而已。静态时序分析需要计算时序路径的延时，时序路径包括两个基本元素：Timing arc in cells和Timing arcs in nets。Timing arcs是一个假想的弧，用来表示输入变化导致输出变化的关系。Timing arc有三个特性分别是unateness、slew和delay。二、 Timing libraryTiming library通常指包含timing, power, noise, function信息的logic library。Timing library为STA提供cells和nets的延时信息。Timing arcs用来体现cells和nets的延时信息。工具通过不同的PVT(process voltage temperature)工作条件下，得到对应的时序信息。目前广泛使用的格式是library，以.lib作为扩展名。Timing arcs中包含的unateness、slew和delay特性都可以从timing library中查到。1. Unateness表示信号的翻转和输入的关系，信号从1到1就是positive unate，从1到0就是negative unate，无关就是nonunate。图1 从timing library中查到pin(Y)的unateness为positive_unate2. Slew指信号电平翻转的速度，即从1变0或从0变1的翻转速度，即是指信号的翻转率，通常slew=constant/(transition time)。transition time是指信号从高电平转化到低电平或者低电平转化到高电平所花费的时间。Transition time的长短和输入信号input transition以及output的load有关。上升和下降transition时间都是timing arc的特性，输入信号和输出信号都有上升和下降的transition时间。STA工具是通过slew的阈值来计算输入的transition时间。 Slew的阈值可以在timing library中定义，输入的上升和下降时间是通过slew的阈值来计算的。如图2 lib中的index_1是指input transition时间，index_2是指output load值。图2 pin transtion3. Delay Delay分为cell delay和net delay，cell delay指信号从输入到输出的时间。Net delay指信号从net的起始点到终点的时间。Cell delay：Cell中的晶体管需要一定的时间来开关，因此cell的input的改变需要一定的时间才能使得output改变。Net delay：Net延时是指信号刚传到net上到信号到达这条net的loads的时间。图3中threshold指从10%到90%或从90%到10%的时间，input_threshold到50%时认为信号到了input端，output_threshold到50%时认为信号到达output端，input_threshold 50%到ouput_threshold 50%之间既是cell delay。图3 delay calculationDelay(power和timing checks也是使用查找表)和input transition(即slew)和load(即output capacitance)相关，并不是线性的而是离散的点，因此需要用查找表(look up table)查这些值，如图4。图4 Two dimensional model4. Timing Library内容下面就是Timing library的内容，如图5，红框内表示library和delay model，这里是一个非线性的delay model即查找表table_lookup。篮筐表示各种单位，绿框表示threshold和slew的电路传输时间和信号转换时间的电压百分比，橙框表示PVT。图5 timing libaryLibrary中也会有default_cell_leakage_power, fanout_load, inout_pin_cap, leakage_power_density等描述漏电功耗，扇出负载和端口电容。以及voltage_map(VDD,0.935), voltage_map(VSS,0)等表示电源和地的电压信息。在operation_conditions中会描述实际应用中cell所处的工艺/温度/电压：如pross:1, temperature:125, voltage:0.765。也有查找表的二位时序延时模板，二维功耗模板，内部功耗模板等。图6 power查找表模板5．Cell部分的library接下来是cell部分，每个cell都有一个footprint名对应，一个footprint代表一组cells，相同footprint不同cells间的驱动能力可能不同，在进行优化的时候，只有同一类的cell才能进行优化。图7 cell library图8、图9是输入输出pin的属性，包含capacitance，direction等信息。图8 input pin属性图9 output pin属性如图10也可以查到cell的timing sense，type及cell delay、transition等。图10 cell timing_sense、timing_type三、 wire delay1. wire delay和WLMwire delay：互连线延时是由于互连线电阻电容引起的，互连线延时也叫wire delay和net delay。Wire delay分两种，一种是绕线后，由工具抽出互连线的R和C，计算出线的延时；另一种是绕线前，通过wire load model来估算出wire delay。在net中，所有的timing arcs都是positive unate，net delay的计算通常也是从input threshold的50%到output threshold的50%。Wire load model：WLMs是基于net的fanout和长度来评估R和C(可以代表百分之九十的nets)，为工具提供一个绕线前评估方法。Wire load models的特点：统计学的，基于最近的校准面积计算的，选择合适的wire load model过程非常繁琐，就算是定制的wire load model,精准度也是很难说的。2. 如何计算WLM的wire delay？首先看block的area，从wire load的table中，选择block的area包含net的area的WLM。基于net的fanout，使用WLM估算net的length。使用电容乘数(CM)和电阻乘数(RM)来决定net的实际RC值。公式如下：Cnet=CM*length、Rnet=RM或互联线长度 = 扇出1对应的互联线长度+(3-1)x slope互联线电容 = 互联线长度 x 互联线单位电容值互联线电阻 = 互联线长度 x 互联线单位电阻值互联线面积 = 互联线长度 x 互联线单位长度面积值3. 计算net的delay：Delay=Rnet*CnetWLM in library:WLM包含resistance/cap/area/slope/fanout_length等图11 wire load libWire load可以从lib中选择不同种类，一般有zero,small,medium,large,huge等。以Wire load small为例，计算net的RC：CM=0.0001895、RM=0.009、Slope=5.1对于length大于1，STA工具使用slope来线性计算对应的fanout的length值Length=7.65+slope*(fanout-1)Delay = length*0.009*0.00018954. 图12有capacitance、fanout与block size的关系图12 block size与cap、fanout关系5. SDF、SPEF、WLM何时使用5.1 SDF工具抽出来的延时信息，可以直接反标到电路上，可以被工具读取，一般用于前端仿真。5.2 SPEF抽取net的RC值，为STA计算net delay提供RC，一般用于timing signoff5.3 WLM估算net的RC值，为STA计算net delay提供RC，用于实际绕线前。6. Setup、holdSetup、hold基础知识就不介绍了。对于SDC最后生成的report中有一些概念说明一下：Endpoint：时序路径的信号接收的时序单元，一个endpoint可能对应多个startpoint点。Startpoint：时序路径的信号的发射单元，一个startpoint 点可以对应多个endpoint 点。other End Arrival Time: 0.353,从clk到dff_out/ck的时间。setup：0.063 ，library setup，可以从timing library 中直接查到，这个值和input transition有关。Phase shift：1000.000，暂时理解为周期(capture clock 的时钟沿的调整)。uncertainty: sdc 中通过set_clock_uncertainty 设置。Required Time: 899.905,要求数据从clk到dff_Out/D 的最大时间。Arrival Time: 0.503，从clk到dff_out/D的时间。Slack Time: 899.786，Required Time - Arrival Time。Hold：0.050 ，library setup，可以从timing library 中直接查到，这个值和input transition有关。四、 SDC约束SDC约束一般分为工作环境、设计规则、系统接口、时序例外、时序类、power 6类约束。1. 工作环境约束set_operating_conditions、set_wire_load_mode、set_wire_load_model、set_wire_load_selection_groupSet_operating_conditions：指定timing librarywire load mode是为跨层次互联线选择线负载模型的方法。对于多层次设计，注意不同层次的子设计可以与父设计有不同线负载模型，这时除了需要决定某一层次采用何种wire load model，还需要确定对跨越不同层次的net采用何种wire load model。Wire load mode共有三种：TOP、enclosed 和segmented，下图给出了三种模式比较示意，design A和design B间的互联线，且不同层级使用的WLM是不同的。在top模式下，选用50x50 model；在enclosed模式下，选用40x40 model；在segmented模式下，分段选用model。图13 wire load mode2. 设计规则约束包括set_max_capacitance、set_max_fanout、set_max_transition、set_min_capacitance。3. 系统接口约束包括set_drive、set_driving_cell、set_load、set_fanout_load、set_input_transition。4. 时序类约束包括create_clock、create_generated_clock、set_clock_latency/set_clock_groups/set_clock_sense、set_timing_derate、set_propagated_clock、set_clock_uncertainty(加入margin)、set_input_delay/set_output_delay等。Timing_derate指人为的把一些timing path设快或设慢。5. 时序例外约束包括set_false_path、set_min_delay/set_max_delay、set_multicycle_path、set_disable_timing、set_case_analysis。6. power约束包括set_max_dynamic_power、set_max_leakage_pwer。发布于 2020-05-13 19:56数字电路时序逻辑电路赞同 578 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录数字设

国潮品牌STA发布第一款独立球鞋，主理人：不致敬、直接抄！ - 知乎

国潮品牌STA发布第一款独立球鞋，主理人：不致敬、直接抄！ - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册国潮品牌STA发布第一款独立球鞋，主理人：不致敬、直接抄！罗全对有态度无节操的潮流小学生相信对国潮比较关注的小伙伴一定对STA这个品牌不陌生，这是一个西安成立于07年的潮流品牌，全名是Sail Training Association（航海训练协会），此前一般都是rapper常上身的“地下品牌”，但在与李宁联名之后也算是冲出了地下，被更多的潮流爱好者所熟知，很多单品是也错过了就买不到的水平。实话实说这个联名系列还真得不错，至少在李宁整个服装产品线上属于TOP的级别。近期也发生了一件比较好玩的事，就是STA的主理人亲自发布了STA首款球鞋的实物图。是不是乍一看有点熟悉？那我们就再来看一下Nike的阿甘跑鞋。是不是感觉不能说一模一样，只能说完全一致呢？先别着急说人家抄袭，这件事的主要亮点是主理人所配的文案。“不致敬、直接抄”这句话才是亮点，而从文案之中也可以很明显的看出这个动态的矛头直指的是某扑平台的网友，看来是积怨已久，说回鞋子本身，其实潮流品牌之间的“致敬”很普遍，从bape和AF1到LV和AJ，很多都是经典的鞋型直接拿来用，而在国潮品牌这事也并不是第一次了，几年前苏五口的抄袭系列直接就是“致敬”了一把VANS。而某扑平台的网友也是对这件事发表了不少评价。粗略看一下基本都是以负面的评价为主，在潮流圈这种风格产品不少，硬怼网友的主理人也是不少，这个主理人“地下”的内个味还是很重的，但也就是因为如此，相同风格的品牌主理人见多了，也就感觉有些刻意了，毕竟无论是什么东西，玩得多了也就烂了，当然以上只是我的个人看法，不知道各位对这个品牌和这款鞋有什么看法呢？欢迎在评论区交流。编辑于 2021-06-22 19:12潮流品牌国潮潮流赞同 5添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请

同步热分析（STA）案例分析 - 知乎

同步热分析（STA）案例分析 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册同步热分析（STA）案例分析硕博测试圈同步热分析（Simultaneous Thermal Analysis，简称 STA）是将热重分析 TG 与差示扫描量热 DSC（或差热分析 DTA）结合为一体，即在同一次测量中利用同一样品可同步得到质量变化与吸放热变化等相关信息。【同步热分析仪=TG+DSC或TG+DTA】热分析是一种几乎适用于所有研究领域的稳定可行的分析方法，以其图谱易分辨、分析速度快、样品用量少、准确度高、重现性好、简便快捷等特点，成为分析测试领域中不可或缺的研究工具。应用一、对镍铁渣粉水泥土水化产物进行研究通过同步热分析仪可得到不同温度下样品质量的改变情况，从而对镍铁渣粉掺量影响水泥土强度的能力进行定性和定量研究，特别是计算试样中氢氧化钙和碳酸钙的含量。文献表明，C-S-H凝胶和AFt的分解温度相近，发生在50~110℃。石膏和AFm在130~188℃发生分解，结合水在160~185℃发生分解，Friedel's盐（3CaO·Al₂O3·CaCl2·10H2O）在315～385℃发生分解，氢氧化钙的分解反应峰值在400~450℃，而碳酸钙分解反应峰在650~800℃。从图1～图3的TG-DTG曲线可知，样品中均出现C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石、Ca(OH)2和石膏的分解峰。图1.镍铁渣粉水泥土经典TG-DTG曲线图2.镍铁渣粉淤泥水泥土TG-DTG曲线图3.镍铁渣粉砂土水泥土TG-DTG曲线应用二、探究超级铝热剂Al/MnO2的热安定性从TG曲线中可以看出，初始阶段从室温升到300℃时，均发现3.7%左右的质量下降信号，而伴随的DSC曲线没有出现明显的吸热峰或放热峰。主要由两方面原因导致热重质量下降：①纳米MnO2采用水热法合成，而真空烘箱60℃干燥只能将MnO2粉末中的游离水去除，与MnO2形成的结合水无法得到有效去除；而在进行TG-DSC测试时，测试温度从室温升到300℃的过程中，由于升至较高温度，结合水逐渐被去除，进而导致TG曲线出现明显下降。②将纳米Al粉与制备的MnO2混合制备超级铝热剂时，由于选用乙酸乙酯作为分散剂，所以剩余的少部分乙酸乙酯可能吸附在样品表面，在进行TG-DSC测试时，随着温度的升高会逐渐挥发出去，因此，也会出现相应的质量下降。在DSC曲线中，在540~570℃有1个明显的放热峰，放热量大，且TG曲线没有明显的升降变化。该放热峰的形成是由于此处Al和MnO2之间发生了铝热反应，铝热反应是将MnO2上的氧转移到Al上生成Al₂O3，由于只是MnO2和Al之间的反应，根据质量守恒定律，故没有表现出明显的质量信号变化。图4.不同升温速率测得的TG-DSC曲线应用三、鉴定和评价珍珠粉纯珍珠粉的热分解过程可以分为两个阶段：第一阶段在温度400℃左右有一个放热峰，TG曲线有一个小台阶，失重率约3.25%，DTG曲线在相应温度区间呈现平缓小峰。失重最快速率在320℃附近，此阶段为样品中的有机质热分解，这一阶段的失重率基本可以认定为有机质的总含量；第二阶段温度范围为600~820℃，失重约42%，DTA曲线表现为强吸热峰，DTG曲线在此温度区间形成对称峰，此阶段为珍珠粉中的碳酸钙受热分解；样品的残留质量约为54%。珍珠层粉第一阶段的失重率约为1.5%，对应DTA曲线上的放热峰也更微弱。说明珍珠粉中所含有机基质多于比珍珠层粉，这是两者间最根本的区别。图5、珍珠粉/珍珠层粉的TG-DTG图应用四、研究深圳海积软土的结合水特征原状土样有2个热失重温度变化范围，即23~153C、418~582℃。考虑到该土样在105℃被烘干，土样中的自由水含量可忽略不计。根据温度对水分子间相互作用力（包括水分子结构）及水分子与其共存物质间相互作用力的影响程度分析，23~105℃脱去的是液态自由水，105~153℃先脱去的是与黏土矿物相互作用最弱的结合水，其次脱去的是与黏土矿物相互作用力较弱但有一定结合力的强结合水。第二个热失重范围为418~582℃，此范围主要是蒙脱石中的结构水逸出，伴随少量伊利石的结构水逸出。细粒土样的失重变化趋势与原状土样有较大差别。细粒土样第一阶段的失重温度在23~189℃，该阶段失重的结束温度（189℃）明显高于原状土样。原因主要是细粒土样的黏土矿物含量更高，其结合水更不易脱去。细粒土样第2阶段失重范围是422~627℃，相比原状土样第2阶段的失重结束温度明显延后。此时主要是蒙脱石等黏土矿物所包含的结构水脱出。图6、原状土样与细粒土样的TG-DTG曲线参考文献：[1]陈峰,柯开展,周敏,杜旭峰.基于同步热分析法的镍铁渣粉水泥固化土水化产物研究[J].福建建材,2022(08):1-3+7.[2]宋佳星,方向,郭涛,丁文,姚淼,王浩,张晓南.同步热分析法研究超级铝热剂Al/MnO2的热安定性[J].材料科学与工艺,2019,27(02):64-69.[3]林丽君.同步热分析法在鉴定及评价珍珠粉中的应用[J].广州化工,2020,48(06):101-103.[4]宋晶,方敬锐,巩文腾,唐群艳.深圳海积软土的矿物成分及结合水特征[J/OL].中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文):1-7[2022-09-20].DOI:10.13471/j.cnki.acta.snus.2021D042.编辑于 2022-09-22 15:24硕博实验科研赞同 2添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请

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Large-scale Original Drama "The Outpost" Is Selected to Perform at Commemoration of the 80thAnniversary of the Southwest Theatre Exhibition and the 8th National Excellent Drama Showcase

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The Ministry of Culture and Tourism recently issued a notice that attracted widespread attention, announcing that 34 large-scale plays and 5 small theater dramas have been selected for the list of performances for the Commemoration of the 80th Anniversary of the Southwest Theatre Exhibition and the 8th National Excellent Drama Showcase.

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Chinese Opera School Affiliated to Shanghai Theatre Academy Joyously Celebrates Its 70th Anniversary

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On 1 March, the Chinese Opera School Affiliated to Shanghai Theatre Academy kicked off the themed-day activity series, joyously celebrating its 70th anniversary with a series of themed-day activities with warmth, quality and spirit.

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Shanghai Theatre Academy Selected for the 2023 Shanghai "Chinese Culture Going Global" Special-Pupose Financial Support Program

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The selected projects of the 2023 Shanghai "Chinese Culture Going Global" Special-Purpose Financial Support Program have recently been announced. After careful evaluation by experts, 46 projects stood out and were selected for the 2023 Shanghai "Chinese Culture Going Global" Special-Purpose Financial Support Program.

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Shanghai Theatre Academy Receive Funding from National Arts Fund for Four Projects

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After strict review by experts from the National Arts Fund and approval by the National Arts Fund Council, the "List of Funding Projects for the National Arts Fund (General Projects) in 2024" has been publicly announced.

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School of Marxist Undertakes a Special Study on "Behavioral Norms and Guidelines for Teachers of Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Colleges and Universities in the New Era" cum First Collective Lesson Preparation Meeting for New Semester

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On the afternoon of 29 February 2024, at the beginning of the new semester, Xie Wei, Party Secretary of the Shanghai Theatre Academy, participated in the collective lesson preparation meeting of the School of Marxism according to the usual practice of previous years. The meeting was held in the East Meeting Room on the second floor of the Fuxi Building on the Huashan Road campus. The agenda of the meeting included conducting a special study on the "Behavioral Norms and Guidelines for Teachers of

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Cross-disciplinary Integration and Innovation in Art Performance: The Successful Conclusion of the "Theatre Theory and Practice" Course Hosted by Li Minyuan, Associate Professor of Dramatic Literature Department

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From November 2023 to January 2024, Associate Professor Li Minyuan of the Dramatic Literature Department of the Shanghai Theatre Academy conducted a nine-week course, "Theatre Theory and Practice," for graduate students. This was Li Minyuan's third time offering this course and the second time collaborating with the West Bund Museum. The course concluded with a performance at the museum.

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Large-scale Original Drama "The Outpost" Is Selected to Perform at Commemoration of the 80thAnniversary of the Southwest Theatre Exhibition and the 8th National Excellent Drama Showcase

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Chinese Opera School Affiliated to Shanghai Theatre Academy Joyously Celebrates Its 70th Anniversary

06032024

Shanghai Theatre Academy Selected for the 2023 Shanghai "Chinese Culture Going Global" Special-Pupose Financial Support Program

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Shanghai Theatre Academy (STA) is a comprehensive university of performing arts founded in 1945, with the focus on theatre training and studies. Co-sponsored by the Ministry of Culture of China and the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government, STA is one of the best art institutions of higher education in China. After over 70 years of development, STA has grown from a single discipline school into an outstanding comprehensive university of performing arts in China.There are four STA campuses locat

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Introduction to STA

Publisher：主页英文版Time：2018-06-07Views：3497

1. IntroductionShanghai Theatre Academy (STA) is a comprehensive university of performing arts, with the focus on theatre training and studies and a history of almost 70 years. Co-sponsored by the Ministry of Culture of China and the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government, and reporting to the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, STA is one of the best art institutions of higher education in China. After decades of development, STA has grown from a single discipline school into an outstanding comprehensive university of performing arts in China.On December 1st, 1945, the predecessor of Shanghai Theatre Academy - Shanghai Municipal Experimental Theatre School - was founded by well-known educators Gu Yuxiu and famous dramatists Li Jianwu, Gu Zhongyi, Huang Zuolin, Wu Renzhi at 1844 Sichuan Road, with Xiong Foxi as the first president. In October 1949, the school was renamed as Shanghai Municipal Theatre School. In the structural reform of colleges and universities in China in 1952, the Theatre Division of Shandong University/Art Department and the Theatre Group of Shanghai Xingzhi Arts School joined the school, which became the East China Branch of the Central Academy of Drama under the Ministry of Culture of China. In 1956 the school was formally renamed as Shanghai Theatre Academy as an art university under the Ministry of Culture. In June 2002, the Performing Arts School of Shanghai Normal University, the Shanghai Chinese Opera School and the Shanghai Dance School were incorporated into Shanghai Theatre Academy. The teaching experience over six decades has formed the rich art atmosphere and inclusive cultural environment in the academy.There are three STA campuses located on Huashan Road, Lianhua Road, and Hongqiao Road, respectively. In STA there are four departments (Department of Acting, Department of Stage Design, Department of Directing, and Department of Dramatic Literature), and four colleges (College of Chinese Opera, College of Dance, College of Television Arts, and College of Creativity Studies). Besides, there are two key national professional pre-college schools affiliated to STA: the Chinese Opera School and the Dance School. There are also College of Continuing Education, the Training Center, and an affiliated High School of Arts. The Academy provides undergraduate programs in 37 specialties under three main categories of literature, management and education, covering 12 majors of Acting, Directing, Theatre/TV/Film Design, Art Design, Playwriting and Screenwriting, Broadcasting and TV Hosting, TV & Film Programming and Directing, Choreography, Public Administration, Arts Education, Media Creativity, and Composition and Theories. STA has six master’s degree programs in Theatre Studies, Broadcasting and TV Studies, Arts Studies, Dance Studies, Cinema Studies, and Painting Studies, one doctorate degree program in Theatre Studies with 8 research areas, and one post-doctoral research center in Arts Studies.At STA, Theatre Studies is rated as a state-level key discipline, and Broadcasting and TV Studies as a key discipline in Shanghai. In recent years, the majors of Stage Design, Dramatic Literature and TV & Film Programming and Directing have grown into state-level majors, and many courses have been listed as municipal-level key courses. In addition, STA has set up several national experimental studios of creative training, laboratories co-funded by the central and local governments, and a key laboratory in Shanghai.STA has about 2000 undergraduate students, 500 master and PhD students, and 1000 students in the two professional pre-college schools. On the campus there are tow professional theatres – the Academy Theatre and the Duanjun Theatre – for all kinds of educational practices and formal performances. The New Space and the two Black Box studios are used for the free experimental performances of modern drama. In addition, there are also two performing studios for comprehensive rehearsing, and two studios for the educational practices of film and TV, which can satisfy all kinds of needs for education, research and students’ performance. The three campuses all have their own specialized classroom buildings, multifunctional comprehensive classroom buildings, and information centers. The digital teaching and management platforms can connect different campus. Our students also enjoy the good living conditions offered by the students’ dormitory, the dining halls, the gymnasium and all kinds of sports facilities. STA has cultivated thousands of artists in various professional fields for the country, and many of the graduates have become leading experts and artists with national and international reputation in the fields of drama, Chinese opera, film & TV, dance, literature and fine arts. Meanwhile, the academy has also cultivated a large number of talents for cultural management, who are now working in important posts in art institutions home and abroad, as well as in related government agencies. STA is also contributing to the art education for the minorities in China. It has trained five acting classes for Tibet students in turn, and the graduates formed the first modern drama troupe in Tibet. STA has trained one acting class for Inner Mongolia students, and the graduates formed the first modern drama troupe in Inner Mongolia. Besides, there is also one diploma program for minority scriptwriters in China, three stage art classes for Tibet students, and several classes on acting, directing and stage design for the minorities in the provinces of Guangxi, Yunnan, Qinghai and Xinjiang. In the process of development STA has extended its previous teaching model the integrating teaching, creation and performance into the chain of ideas, teaching, creation, performance, research and promotion for training acting talents, which responds to the process of artistic creation and production. Meanwhile, STA has produced many great plays of profound influence, such as modern dramas “The Young Generation”, “Youth of the Fight”, “Black Steed”, Beijing opera “Women General of Yang Family”, dance theatre works “The White Hair Girl”, “Wild Zebra” and “Farewell My Concubine”. In the recent few years, many outstanding artistic works have been produced in the process of educational reform, such as multimedia stage drama “Prince Himalayas”, new media dance drama “Civilization - Totem”, new media recital drama “Red Motto”, multimedia musical “Monk Hongyi”, first exhibition drama in China “Year 1978”, musicals “Long River”, “A Moment of Eternity”, “Notre Dame”, dramas “Buddha Ridge”, “The War in 1948”, Beijing opera “Royal Concubine Yang of Tang Dynasty”, “The Legend of Deification”, “Ripples Across Stagnant Water”, ballet “Four Seasons”, dances “Spring Butterflies”, and “Shao Duoli”. These productions have been presented at Grand National Theatre, Shanghai International Art Festival, and Shanghai Grand Theatre. With the funding mainly from off-campus sources, these productions both serve as part of the professional education and satisfy the needs of people for cultural enjoyment.In recent years, STA has participated in several important national projects. For example, in the core creation team for the opening and closing ceremonies of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, four out of the seven chief designers are the teachers or graduates from Shanghai Theatre Academy, including the visual effect designer, modeling designer, lighting designer and stage designer. Besides, some postgraduate students worked as computer art designers and fireworks managers. They are highly commented by the media as “STA Creative Taskforce”. In the Expo 2010 Shanghai China, the Virtual Simulation Laboratory for Multimedia Performance of STA took the task to establish the evaluation center for exhibitions and shown in the Expo, and set up the joint laboratory with the ICT Department of Coordination Bureau of Shanghai World Expo to test and assess the planning and operation of the Expo. In addition, over 200 dance students performed at the opening ceremony of the Expo.STA is devoted to promoting artistic and academic exchanges, playing an increasingly important role in the field of theatre education in Asia and the world. STA hosts the headquarters of the Asian-Pacific Bureau for Theatre Schools of UNESCO Chair - International Theatre Institute. It has held several international art, cultural and academic exchange programs, including the International Experimental Theatre Festival, Asia-Pacific Theatre School Expo, International Directors Masterclasses, and International Forum of Art School Directors. STA has entered into cooperation with art colleges and institutes from over twenty countries and regions.Based on the demand for art talents in Shanghai and China, as well as for the academy’s sustainable development, STA will constantly optimize its academic programs and improve the teaching capacity to build a training system for high-quality creative talents, so as to develop into a top-level comprehensive performing arts university with international reputation.2. International ExchangeShanghai Theatre Academy has conducted academic exchange and cooperation programs with nearly 30 countries and regions all over the world. It has also set up mutually beneficial cooperative relationship with many universities, including St. Petersburg State Academic Institute of Theatrical Arts, Tisch School of the Arts at New York University, Yale School of Drama, Japan Mysashino Art University, Rome Arts University in Italy, Bologna Painting School in Italy, Birmingham Institute of Art and Design in UK, and School of Creative Media in City University of Hong Kong. STA faculty and students have visited those world famous universities and conducted many activities, including exchange performances and short-term study programs. We have visited many different countries and regions, including Singapore, Japan, England, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Australia, USA, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Belgium, Romania, Mexico, and Hang Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Students from more than 50 countries and regions have come to Shanghai Theatre Academy for educational and research programs. STA is devoted to building high-level international exchange programs, such as the Theatre School Directors Forum, International Experimental Theatre Festival, and the Asian-Pacific Bureau for Theatre Schools of UNESCO Chair - International Theatre Institute. Through these programs, STA has expanded international vision of its faculty members and students, while its international reputation grows.3. Campuses and DepartmentsHuashan Road Campus Department of ActingDepartment of DirectingDepartment of Dramatic LiteratureDepartment of Stage DesignCollege of Creative StudiesCollege of Continuing EducationDivision of General CoursesDivision of Social SciencesLianhua Road Campus College of Television ArtsCollege of Chinese OperaCollege of DanceAffiliated Chinese Opera School (Pre-college)Hongqiao Road Campus Affiliated Dance School (Pre-college)4. Main Teaching and Research DivisionsTeaching Affairs DivisionResearch DivisionDivision of Graduate StudiesInternational Cooperation Office (School of International Students)Center for Theatre and Chinese Opera StudiesCenter for Broadcasting and TV Art StudiesCenter for Fine Art StudiesRichard Schechner Center for Performing StudiesJohn Howkins Research Center on Creative EconomyShanghai Creative Industry Association (Secretariat)Asian-Pacific Bureau for Theatre Schools of UNESCO Chair - International Theatre Institute5. Undergraduate Majors (4-year programs)No. Major Specialty Detail 1 Acting Acting for theatre, TV & film Acting for musical Acting for Chinese opera Beijing Opera instruments Folk music instruments Kun Opera instruments Acting for Chinese opera musical Puppeteering Puppeteering for hand puppet Puppeteering and puppet-making Ballet Classical dance Folk dance Ballroom dance Children’s musical 2 Directing Directing for theatre, TV & film Directing for Chinese opera 3 Dramatic Literature Playwriting Dramatic theories Screenwriting 4 Drama, TV & Film Design Stage design Lighting design Costume and makeup design Theatre management Costume and makeup design for Chinese opera 5 Broadcasting and TV Hosting 6 TV & Film Programming and Directing 7 Choreography 8 Art Design Graphic design Interior design Game, cartoon & animation design & production Visual expression 9 Arts Education Educational theatre 10 Public Administration Culture and creativity management Visual art exhibition Auditory art exhibition Community culture management 11 Media Creativity 12 Composition and Theories Arrangement for arias and music of Beijing opera and Kun opera 6. Postgraduate ProgramsMAMajors & Research Areas 050401 Fine Arts Studies _ 01 Visual arts _ 02 Aesthetics of literature and art _ 03 Arts education _ 04 Arts management _ 05 Aesthetics of folklore _ 06 Theatre archeology _ 07 Chinese art history _ 08 Studies on costume art and culture 050405 Theatre Studies _ 01 History and theory of Chinese opera _ 02 History and theory of modern Chinese drama _ 03 History and theory of international drama _ 04 Studies on playwriting _ 05 Social performing studies _ 06 Studies on directing _ 07 Studies on acting _ 08 Studies on stage design _ 09 Studies on lighting design _ 10 Studies on costume and makeup design _ 11 Studies on lighting techniques _ 12 Comedy studies 050406 Cinema Studies _ 01 Practical film theories _ 02 Studies on film culture 050407 Broadcasting & TV Studies _ 01 Theories of screenwriting _ 02 Studies on TV programming _ 03 Studies on TV hosting MFA (full-time program)Majors & Research Areas 550102 Theatre _ 01 Acting for theatre _ 02 Directing for theatre & Chinese opera _ 03 Playwriting for stage and screen _ 04 Arts management _ 05 Social performing studies _ 06 Stage design _ 07 Lighting design _ 08 Character design _ 09 Costume design _ 10 Acting and directing for comedy 550103 Chinese Opera _ 01 Acting for Chinese opera 550105 Broadcasting & TV _ 01 Directing for theatre _ 02 TV & film programming and directing _ 03 TV hosting 550106 Dance _01 Dance 550107 Painting _01 Oil Painting 550108 Art design _ 01 Visual arts _ 02 Digital art design MFA (part-time program)Major & Research Areas Theatre Chinese opera TV & film Dance Art design Arts management PH.DMajor Research Areas Theatre Studies Performing studies History and theory of Chinese opera History and theory of modern Chinese drama History and theory of international drama Acting and directing studies Studies on stage design and history of performance Visual culture Studies on western theatre culture Fine Art Studies – level 1Post-doctoral research center7. Department of ActingIn the Department of Acting there are 36 faculty members, including 2 professors and 9 associate professors.The main courses are: acting, acting theories, voice, speech, movement, introduction to arts, and so on. The key courses are “acting in scenes” and “acting fundamentals”.With the principle of “inheriting good tradition, innovating teaching ideas and enriching teaching methods”, Department of Acting has made good achievements in teaching, acting and research through the international exchange, master classes, workshops and creative studios, winning the attention and praise home and abroad.Ethnic minority students make a highlight in the department. It has trained several acting classes for the undergraduate students from Tibet and Inner Mongolia, making great contribution to the unity and development of ethnic groups in China.Many faculty members in the Department of Acting have won awards such as the “Yucai Award” in Shanghai, and “Best Director Award” in the “Golden Lion Award” of Chinese drama.As one of the most important departments in STA, the Department of Acting has been growing with the academy since its founding. By now it has cultivated numerous acting talents in the fields of stage drama, TV & film, and musical. More than 100 students have won various grand awards, such as Hundred Flowers Award, Golden Rooster Award, Golden Hawk Award, Plum Blossom Award, Golden Lion Award, Wenhua Award, Huabiao Award, and Magnolia Award. It is the cradle of acting artists in China.8. Department of DirectingIn the Department of Directing there are 11 faculty members, including 3 professors, 3 associate professors, 3 lectures and 2 instructors. Many of them have won “Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation Award” issued by the Ministry of Education, the “Bao Steel Excellent Teacher Award” and the “Yucai Award” in Shanghai, the “Aurora Award” issued by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, as well as the special subsidies granted by the State Council. They have covered all the stage drama awards in China, including: Excellent Drama Award of the National Stage Art Classic Project, Wenhua Award, Excellent Director Award, Excellent Drama Award, the Five No.1 Project Award by Publicity Department of China, “Best Director Award” in the “Golden Lion Award” of Chinese drama, and the Excellent Director Award in China Drama Festival.The department offers several teaching programs on Directing for Theatre, TV & Film for all kinds of students, from non-degree students, to undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students.The main courses are: fundamental theory of directing, basic training on acting, directing of scenes, creating many-act plays, and TV & film directing fundamentals, etc. Among them the “Exercise of directing elements – topical sketches on articles” was selected as a model course in Shanghai, and the “Exercise of directing scenes” was selected as a key course in Shanghai.9. Department of Dramatic LiteratureThe Department of Dramatic Literature hosts three majors: Playwriting and Screenwriting, Public Administration, and Arts Education.The main courses are: playwriting and its theory, dramatic theory and theoretical writing, history of Chinese opera, history of modern Chinese drama, history of foreign drama, basic playwriting theory, original theatre workshop, selective reading of famous Chinese and foreign dramas, acting theory and practice, operation and practice of art projects, etc.Out of the 25 faculty members there are 7 professors, 4 associate professors, of whom 8 hold PhDs. There are two “national experts with outstanding contribution”, one “outstanding expert by Ministry of Culture”, one chairman and one vice chairman of national academic associations, and two chairmen and two vice chairmen of municipal-level academic associations.The department has achieved a great deal in developing courses and textbooks. The History of Chinese Opera was selected as a national model course. The History of Modern Chinese Drama, Playwriting Theory and Skills, and Basic Playwriting Theory are selected as key courses in Shanghai. Textbooks “Playwriting Theory and Skills” and “History of Modern Chinese Drama” have won first and second prizes of good textbooks in higher education in Shanghai in 2007.10. Department of Stage DesignThe Department of Stage Design hosts the major of Theatre, TV & Film Design, which includes three specialties: stage design, lighting design, and costume and makeup design, as well as art design and theatre management.There are 39 faculty members working in this department, including 9 professors and 6 associate professors.The main courses are: history of Chinese and foreign fine arts, history of Chinese and foreign architecture, history of Chinese and foreign costumes, history of theatres, stage design, lighting design, makeup design, costume design and others.The department is taking the lead nationwide in academic achievements, teaching, research and design. Design teachers have been nominated for many times in the “Wenhua Stage Art Award”, “Bao Steel Art Award”, “Bao Steel Education Award”, “Bao Steel Excellent Teacher Award” and “Grand Award”. They have won the second prize of “national college education achievement award” by Ministry of Education and the first prize of “Shanghai college education achievement award”. Three teachers were granted the title of the “Aurora Scholar”. From 2008, the major Art Design for theatre, film & TV has received the special funding from Shanghai Municipal Education Commission for three years on end. In 2008 many teachers of the department worked as key designers for character and stage design in the opening and closing ceremonies in the Beijing Olympic Games and Special Olympic Games, and received the award of “outstanding individual”. The Costume and Makeup Studio has received the honor of “Excellent Teaching Team” issued by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.11. College of Television ArtsThe College of Television Arts hosts two majors: TV & Broadcasting Programming and Directing, TV Hosting. There are 18 faculty members in the department, including 5 professors (2 with senior professional titles), and 4 associate professors. Broadcasting & TV Studies is selected as key major in Shanghai. The teaching team for TV hosting program is entitled the municipal level teaching team for higher learning in Shanghai. The major of TV & Broadcasting Programming and Directing is a national specialized major with the honor by Ministry of Education and Ministry of Finance. TV & Broadcasting Programming and Directing and TV Hosting also won the title as level 1 specialized major in Shanghai.The main courses in TV & Broadcasting Programming and Directing are: exercise of playwriting elements, sketch writing, TV screenwriting, basic acting and directing, theory and skills of TV program directing, interview and news writing, documentary making, broadcasting programming, TV program planning, MV and CF making.Main courses in TV Hosting are: TV hosting theories, reading of TV hosting programs, vocal training for hosting, writing for hosting, language for hosting, space skills for hosting, hosting program planning.Among them there are two model courses in Shanghai: documentary making, TV program planning; and four key courses in Shanghai: writing for hosting, basic acting and directing, theory and skills of TV program directing, language for hosting.The teachers of the college have received many awards, including the "Five-One Project" Award, Flying Sky Award, Huabiao Award, Golden Hawk Award, Golden Bell Award, Magnolia Award, Shanghai University Teaching Award, Bao Steel High Art Award, Yucai Award, Bole Award, Art Teaching Award, and others.In the past decade the graduates from the college have won many awards in national competitions on TV, such as the TV Hosting Award, Golden Microphone Award, Golden Hawk Award for Top Ten TV Hosts, Best TV Host Award in Variety Shows.12. College of Chinese OperaThe College of Chinese Opera hosts nine majors: Acting for Chinese Opera, Directing for Chinese Opera, Chinese Opera Music, Composition and Theories (arrangement for arias and music of Beijing opera and Kun opera), Puppeteering, Chinese Opera Musical, Community Culture Management, Arts & Exhibition Management (auditory art), and Design for Theatre, TV & Film (cartoon and animation). In 2006 Shanghai Youth Beijing and Kun Opera Troupe was established as a platform to foster outstanding young talents of Beijing and Kun opera.The college has 40 professional teachers, including 7 with senior professional titles, 4 with associate senior professional titles. In addition, the college has invited top acting artists all over the country to teach special courses.The main courses are: classic Chinese operas, theories of acting and directing for Chinese opera, history of Chinese opera, history of Beijing opera, script analysis, aesthetics of Chinese opera, computer music creation, musical instruments, string instrumental ensemble, puppeteering, planning and management of community culture events, basic art theories, etc. Among them the “Acting of Poetic Sketches” is a model course in Shanghai.The College of Chinese Opera has made great achievements in reforming the training methods for Chinese opera talents, receiving the second prize of Ministry of Education, first prize in Shanghai, and the title of “advanced group” by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.In recent years the college has demonstrated excellent outcomes in teaching, taking the lead in the cultivation of Chinese opera talents in China. The students have won numerous prizes in various important competitions, such as the second prize in the outstanding plays in the 5th China Beijing Opera Festival, the gold, silver and bronze prizes in CCTV young opera performer competition, the gold and silver prize in the youth group one of first national Jinghu competition, and the gold prize in the first national puppet skill competition as part of the Golden Lion Award.13. College of DanceThe College of Dance has seven professional teaching studios for ballet, classic Chinese dance, folk dance, ballroom dance, choreography, theory of dance, and music of dance, and the STA Youth Dance Troupe. The college has set up a rather complete curriculum covering the professional and optional courses of basic training, rehearsing and professional theories. It has developed six national, municipal and academy level model courses. The ballet and Chinese dance are selected in the Education Highland Project in Shanghai.There are 42 professional teachers working in the college, including 3 with senior professional titles, and 5 with associate senior professional titles.The college is focused on elite education in teaching and production by combining the classroom with the stage, combining the teachers with invited experts, and combining individual training with overall improvement. It invites the best teachers in China and abroad for tailor-made training of the students. Its graduates are highly welcomed by employers, and some of them are employed by national troupes. The students have won grand prizes in important competitions home and abroad, such as the Helsinki Award for ballet, the champion in Blackpool Ballroom Dance Competition in UK, the gold, silver and bronze prizes in Peach & Plum Dance Competition, the Lotus Award Dance Competition, and the national university student art show. The college has accumulated many excellent works, including ballet "Tchaikovsky Rhapsody", "Autumn", the Chinese folk dances "Flowers", "Zanha", "Spring Butterflies", "Bamboos under the Moonlight", "Ode to Lotus Flowers", classical Chinese dances "Rush", " Dragon Soars and Phoenix Dances", "Mountain and Flowing Water - Sword", "By the Water Side", "Dream of Flying", the ballroom dances “Winter Comes”, the modern dance "City", dance dramas "Royal Concubine Yang", "Ripe Oranges", "Eighteen Springs", and ballet "Four Seasons".The college has also provided many opportunities for students to practice on stages, home and abroad, including USA, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, Thailand, Australia, and the regions of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.14. College of Creative StudiesThe College of Creative Studies has four majors: Culture and Creativity Management, Media Creativity, Visual Expression & Design, and Games, Cartoon & Animation.There are 10 faculty members working in the college, including 1 professor, 2 associate professors. The college also invites famous scholars on creative industries home and abroad as visiting professors.The major of Culture and Creative Management cultivates modern management talents with artistic background with the ability for creative planning and market operations, so as to meet the need for the development of cultural and creative industries in China, and the needs of the creative industrial parks, creative enterprises and creative projects.The major of Media Creativity cultivates comprehensive talents with a solid theoretical knowledge of digital media, good skills for digital media making, and the ability to use a variety of new media technologies for digital media content creation and development.The major of Visual Expression & Design cultivates high-end talents with the ability to work independently in the fields of advertising, packaging, book binding, exhibition design, visual image design, installation design, multimedia design, webpage design and others.The major of Games, Cartoon & Animation combines creativity with practice to focus on the animation directing, original painting design, game planning, and practical ability, leading the students to explore the creative content of new media through integration of the traditional theatre elements with interactive entertainment and digital technology.The College of Creative Studies also actively takes on cutting-edge academic researches to promote the development of creative industries in Shanghai. It has held many forums in the related fields, and has become an important role in the talent training and theory developing of creative industries.15. Division of Graduate StudiesThe Division of Graduate Studies is authorized to confer master degrees in Arts Studies, Theatre Studies, Broadcasting & TV Studies, Film Studies, Dance Studies, and Painting Studies, as well as doctorate degree in Theatre Studies. Besides, it offers full-time MFA programs, part-time MFA programs and the master’s degree for people with equivalent education certificate.16. College of Continuing EducationThe College of Continuing Education makes use of the good teaching resources to provide arts education for the professionals and art lovers, while providing experience for the reform of higher learning.The college is formed by the teaching facilities on Huashan Road Campus, Lianhua Road Campus, Fuxing Road Campus and Damuqiao Road Campus, with different programs from high school to undergraduate students. It offers courses under three main categories of literature, management and education, covering 10 majors and 12 specialties of Acting, Directing, Drama TV and Film Design, Broadcasting and TV Hosting, Dance, Choreography, TV & Film Programming and Directing, Public Administration, Character Design, Culture & Arts Management.Sharing the same atmosphere of sincere and practical teaching at STA, the college has been growing in the past decades. Many of the graduates, including Dong Qing, Ning Jing, Liu Xiaofeng, Ji Pingping, Guan Yancao, Wang Rousang, and Yang Ya, are playing active roles on the national art stage, receiving acclaim from all over the country.STA Training CenterTo extend the influence of education, adapt to the changes of national cultural structure reform, and better serve the community by satisfying people’s need of lifelong learning and higher quality of cultural life, Shanghai Theatre Academy founded its Training Center in November 2009 to provide more non-degree programs of different disciplines, levels and types with STA brand.Currently, the training center offers programs on personal image design, makeup, hairstyling, lighting design, wedding hosting, workplace etiquette, children's theater (including acting and hosting), covering different age groups from young children to the elderly. Different teaching plans are customized for different students to satisfy their needs, showing the advantages of flexibility and practical features of non-degree education. Thus the training center can cultivate more professionals in the art fields for professional troupes, cultural enterprises and institutions of arts in Shanghai and China, increasing the city's overall cultural atmosphere.17. Division of General Courses Division of Social Sciences The Division of General Courses is responsible for the teaching of basic courses to undergraduate, postgraduate, and students of continuing education in STA (Huashan Road Campus and Lianhua Road Campus), including politics, college English, college Chinese, physical exercise, and computer basis, with the goal to cultivate art talents with high moral, intelligent and physical qualities.The Division of General Courses has 22 full-time teachers, of whom 77.3%. have master or PhD degrees. There are 4 associate professors, 17 lecturers, 1 instructor, and 2 master tutors. They have received the title of “Outstanding Teachers of Higher Education in Shanghai" and the "Yucai Award".In the recent years, the Division of General Courses has made much development in the fields of courses, textbooks and research through the joint efforts of all faculty members. It has also taken several research projects of STA and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission. Textbook “Marxism View of Art” is listed as a key research project by Shanghai Municipal People’s Government. The teachers also edited the first College Chinese textbook for art universities. These textbooks are all published and used in teaching process. In addition, the first theses collection of teachers in the Division of Basic Courses was published in 2008.The Division of Social Sciences is responsible for the political courses and moral education of college students in STA. In recent years the teachers have worked on or participated in six municipal-level research projects and three academy-level research projects. The teachers of the division have won titles of "Outstanding Teachers of Higher Education", "Yucai Award", and “Excellent Lesson Award” in political theories in Shanghai.18. School of International StudentsThe School of International Students was established in the 1980s, with the principle to promote cultural and art exchange between foreign and Chinese students. The school recruits international students in undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, language and non-degree programs. With increasing teaching capacity, the number of international students has grown as well. At present there are about 100 international students studying at STA every year, and it has received students from over 30 countries and regions in the world.The school offers Chinese courses of reading, listening and writing according to the language level of the students. The small class teaching method provides a better language and culture environment for international students. In addition, there are also optional courses like Chinese calligraphy, Taichi, acting and pronunciation.All majors in STA can receive qualified international students for both degree and non-degree programs.19. Affiliated Chinese Opera SchoolThe Affiliated Chinese Opera School of Shanghai Theatre Academy is a national vocational school for the comprehensive training of Chinese opera talents. In 2008 the school was selected as one of the first intangible cultural heritage bases for Chinese opera. The school hosts majors of acting for Beijing opera, acting for Kun opera, acting for Hu opera, acting for Yue opera, acting for Huai opera, folk opera, Yang opera, martial arts in Chinese opera, model shows, opera music, stage design, opera music instruments (folk music), and puppeteering. Among them the acting for Chinese opera is a key course in Shanghai.There are 69 teachers working in the school, including 4 with senior professional title and 12 with associate senior professional title. In 2009 19 teachers in the school have received municipal or provincial level awards, including “Excellent Teacher Award in Vocational Schools in China”, “Shanghai Magnolia Opera Acting Award”, “Shanghai Excellent Gardener Award”, etc.In the 55 years since its founding, the school has cultivated a large number of art talents with all-around capabilities. By now over 200 graduates have received municipal or provincial level awards. Among them 13 graduates won “Plum Flower Prize”, the top award for opera acting in China, and 28 won “Shanghai Magnolia Opera Acting Award”. From 2005, the students started to attend the “Little Plum Flower Opera Competition for Children” and ranked the first in team score for five consecutive years.20. Affiliated Dance SchoolThe Affiliated Dance School of Shanghai Theatre Academy hosts 3 majors: ballet, Chinese dance, and ballroom dance. The majors of ballet and Chinese dance are selected as key major in vocational education in Shanghai.There are 101 teachers working in the school, including 7 with senior professional title and 12 with associate senior professional title. In addition, there are 2 foreign teachers.The school has been selected as national key vocational school for four times on end. It has also received the titles of “National Model Unit for Vocational Education”, “National Model Unit for Culture Works”, “Shanghai Model Unit for Vocational Education”, and “Partner School of Lausannen International Ballet Competition”.With the efforts of the first-class faculty, the school has cultivated numerous outstanding dancers. Over 300 students have won the gold or silver awards in international competitions, and the school is labeled as “cradle of dancers in Shanghai”.21. Virtual Simulation Laboratory for Multimedia PerformanceThe Virtual Simulation Laboratory for Multimedia Performance of Shanghai Theatre Academy was established in December 2004. Funded by Shanghai Municipal Science Commission, this key laboratory is a research and production institute of performing arts which combines technology with art through the use of information technology and the integration of creativity, software and system.The laboratory covers an area of 700 square meters, with performance creation center, production center, research center, motion capture center, blue-screen imaging center and 3D digital modeling studio, incorporating the functions of production, learning and research.The laboratory has successfully finished many important projects, such as the virtual simulation of the Evening Performance at the 5th Anniversary Celebration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the multimedia image production for large drama “Monk Hongyi” and “Prince Himalayas”. In September 2009 STA set up the joint laboratory with the Coordination Bureau of Shanghai World Expo to participate in the large events, exhibition and shows, performances and Expo Online projects.The laboratory is strong in its technical capacity, and has achieved many outcomes in production and research. The project “research and application of virtual simulation space for performing” won the Innovation Award issued by Ministry of Culture. “Music - Shadow” won the Shanghai International Science & Art Innovation Award in 2007. “Civilization – Totem” won the Shanghai International Science & Art Innovation Award in 2008.

Tel: +86-021-62482920 Fax: +86-021-62482646

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Huashan Campus: 630 Huashan Road Shanghai Lianhua Campus: 211 Lianhua Road Hongqiao Campus: 1674 Hongqiao RoadChanglin Campus: 800 Changlin Road

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Publisher：主页英文版Time：2020-07-10Views：1711

Shanghai Theatre Academy (STA) is a prestigious art university for performing art talents in China. It was formerly the Shanghai Municipal Experimental Theatre School, which was established on December 1st, 1945. In 1956 the school was officially renamed Shanghai Theatre Academy. In 2002, STA became a comprehensive art university with the disciplines of theatre, traditional Chinese opera, dance, film & TV, and the education spectrum covered vocational secondary school, bachelor, master and doctor programs.There are more than 500 full-time employees at Shanghai Theatre Academy, including over 300 teachers. STA has over 2100 undergraduate students in 17 majors, as well as over 900 postgraduate students on campus.There are four STA campuses with distinct functions. The Huashan Campus is the theatre arts education centre. The Lianhua Campus is the traditional Chinese opera education centre; the Hongqiao Campus is the international dance education centre; the Changlin Campus is the film, TV and new media education centre. In STA there are 10 educational units, including the Acting Department, Directing Department, Dramatic Literature Department, Stage Design Department, College of Chinese Opera, College of Dance, College of Film, College of Creative Studies, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences Education, and the College of Continuing Education. Besides, there are two vocational secondary schools affiliated to STA - the Chinese Opera School and the Dance School.STA has cultivated thousands of artists and culture managers in various professional fields for the country, and many graduates have become leading experts and professionals with national and international reputation in the fields of theatre, film & TV, dance and fine arts. They have won numerous grand awards and enjoyed high reputation and influence at home and abroad.

Tel: +86-021-62482920 Fax: +86-021-62482646

Address

Huashan Campus: 630 Huashan Road Shanghai Lianhua Campus: 211 Lianhua Road Hongqiao Campus: 1674 Hongqiao RoadChanglin Campus: 800 Changlin Road

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STA（静态时序分析）详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?-CSDN博客

STA（静态时序分析）详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?

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嵌入式硬件

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于 2021-10-23 19:54:34 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43701504/article/details/120922204

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数字IC/FPGA设计

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1.什么是STA?

STA（静态时序分析）是时序验证的一种方法，用于计算和分析电路是否满足时序约束的要求。

2.为什么需要STA？

电路能否正常工作，其本质上是受最长逻辑通路（即关键路径）的限制，以及受芯片中存储器件的物理约束或工作环境的影响。

为了保证电路能够满足设计规定的时序规格及器件的约束条件，必须验证关键路径以及与关键路径延迟相近的通路是否满足时序要求，这就必须考虑逻辑门的传输延时、门之间的互连、时钟偏移、I/O时间裕度以及器件约束（建立时间、保持时间和触发器的时钟脉冲宽度）。如果边沿触发器的建立或保持时间这个约束条件被违反了，则触发器将进入亚稳态。

时序验证利用电路的器件和互连模型来分析电路时序，以此来判断物理设计是否能达到硬件的时序约束条件和输入/输出的时序规范。时序验证可以直接仿真电路的行为，一次判断是否达到硬件约束和性能指标，这种方法称为动态时序分析（DTA）；也可以不直接仿真电路的行为而是通过分析电路中所有可能的信号通路来间接判定是否满足时序约束条件，成为静态时序分析（STA）。

3.建立时间和保持时间

（1）建立时间和保持时间的概念

为了确保寄存器在时钟沿稳定采集数据，那么必须要满足寄存器的建立，保持时间（setup/hold time）要求。

建立时间要求：在寄存器有效时钟沿之前至少Tsetup时间，数据必须到达且稳定。

保持时间要求：在数据采集有效时钟沿之后，数据必须维持最短Thold时间不变。

（2）触发器的建立时间裕度（setup time slack）

下图中，假设触发器CK端到Q端的延迟为1ns，时钟频率为100MHz，组合逻辑延迟为2ns，触发器的建立时间Tsetup = 2ns，保持时间 Thold = 1ns.

前一级寄存器（DFF1）在第N个时钟沿发出的数据，经过最长路径（logic）的延迟后，需要在第N+1个时钟沿的setup/hold窗口之前稳定。也就是说，对于建立时间的要求，需要其在下一个时钟沿的setup time之前把数据发送完毕。

数据到达时间（data arrival time）：对于DFF2而言，就是数据到达D端的时间

Tdata_arrive =Tclk_path_delay + Tck->q + Tlogic_delay = 1ns + 1ns + 2ns = 4ns

即等于时钟的延迟加上触发器CK到Q端的延迟再加上组合逻辑的延迟。

数据所需时间（data required time）：表示数据到达的最晚时间点。数据需要在该时间点之前到达寄存器端。对于DFF2而言，就是数据到达CK端的时间减去Tsetup

Tdata_require = Tclk_period + Tclk_path_delay - Tsetup

即一个时钟周期时间加上时钟信号到达触发器DFF2时钟输入端的延迟时间减去触发器的建立时间。

假设时钟频率为100MHz，则Tclk_period = 10ns.

所以 Tdata_require = 10ns - 2ns = 8ns.

对于建立时间裕度： Tsetup_slack = Tdata_require - Tdata_arrive

建立时间裕度需要满足条件：Tsetup_slack > 0, 即 Tdata_require - Tdata_arrive > 0.

（3）触发器的保持时间裕度（hold time slack）

前一级寄存器（DFF1）在第N个时钟沿发出的数据，经过最短路径的延迟后，需要在第N个时钟沿的setup/hold窗口之后出现。

对于hold time，数据到达时间 Tdata_arrive 同setup time。

而数据所需时间Tdata_required = Tclk_path_delay + Thold

也就是说，对于保持时间的要求，需要其在同一个时钟沿的hold time之后才能拿到数据。另外需要注意的是，在做setup time的检查时，组合逻辑的延迟Tlogic_delay需要取延迟最长的组合逻辑路径，而在做hold time的检查时，则需要取延迟最短的组合逻辑路径。

保持时间裕度：Thold_slack = Tdata_arrive - Tdata_require （与建立时间裕度相反）

保持时间裕度需要满足条件：Tsetup_slack > 0, 即 Tdata_arrive - Tdata_require > 0.

4.如何计算电路的最大时钟频率

求最大时钟频率，就是分析每个DFF的setup time。

如下图所示题目，第一步求其最大工作频率：

对每个DFF，分析它们的建立时间：

DFF1：

数据到达D端的时间：Tdata_arrive = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 2 + 1.5 = 6.7ns, 如下图

而数据所需时间 Tdata_required = Tcycle + 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 - 2.5= Tcycle + 0.7ns

所以DFF1的建立时间裕量 Tsetup_slack = Tdata_required - Tdata_arrive >= 0,

即 Tcycle >= 6ns.

DFF2:

数据到达D端的时间：Tdata_arrive = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 2 = 5.2ns，如下图

而数据所需时间 Tdata_required = Tcycle + 1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.4 - 2.5 = Tcycle + 2.3ns

DFF2的建立时间裕量 Tsetup_slack = Tdata_required - Tdata_arrive >= 0,

即 Tcycle >= 2.9ns

所以 Tcycle >= 6ns.最大频率为 1/Tcycle = 166.67MHz

5.如何判断电路是否出现时钟违例

判断电路是否出现时钟违例，就是检查每个DFF的hold time。

对于DFF1的hold time分析：

数据到达D端的时间：Tdata_arrive = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 2 + 1.5 = 6.7ns

数据所需时间： Thold_time = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + Thold = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1 = 4.2ns

稳定时间裕量：Thold_slack = Tdata_arrive - Tdata_require = 2.5 ns > 0.

所以DFF1没有出现时钟违例。

对于DFF2的hold time分析：

数据到达D端的时间：Tdata_arrive = 1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 2 = 5.2ns

数据所需时间： Thold_time = 1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.4 + 1 = 5.8ns

稳定时间裕量：Thold_slack = Tdata_arrive - Tdata_require = -0.6ns < 0

所以DFF2存在时钟违例。修正方法为去除1.4ns延迟的buffer。

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STA（静态时序分析）详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?

1.什么是STA? STA（静态时序分析）是时序验证的一种方法，是用于计算和分析电路是否满足时序约束的要求。2.为什么需要STA？电路能否正常工作，其本质上是受最长逻辑通路（即关键路径）的限制，以及受芯片中存储器件的物理约束或工作环境的影响。为了保证电路能够满足设计规定的时序规格及器件的约束条件，必须验证关键路径以及与关键路径延迟相近的通路是否满足时序要求，这就必须考虑逻辑门的传输延时、门之间的互连、时钟偏移、I/O时间裕度以及器件约束（建立时间...

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专栏目录

STA静态时序分析入门

05-04

适合新手入门深亚微米ASIC设计中的静态时序分析

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简要介绍STA和标准工艺库内容，对时钟，IO等进行约束的指令介绍，PVT

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FPGA时序分析

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时钟通过CLK PIN管脚输入，到达第一个寄存器的时钟端口经历的时延为Tclk1，到达第二个寄存器的线上时延为Tclk2。第一个寄存器从时钟进入时钟端口驱动寄存器到寄存器输出数据的延时为Tco，Tco为寄存器内部的时延。数据从第一个寄存器Q端口输出，经历Tdata延时到达第二个寄存器的数据输入端。Tdata可能包含路径上的延时以及引入的组合逻辑电路导致的延时。时序图如下图所示：图中，紫色区域为Tsu需要的时间，蓝色的区域为富余的建立时间（Tsu slack）。（1）如果由于。

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ICG setup timing violation介绍？

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门控时钟(clock gating)在RTL级电路设计过程中进行低功耗优化常用方法，能够有效降低动态功耗（翻转功耗）。Clock gating cell 可以由与门，与非门，或门或者或非门构成，但很容易产生Glitch。在实际使用中，一般用ICG（集成门控时钟单元）来完成clock gating。下图展示了glitch的产生原因在CTS时钟树综合的时候，ICG不会被看作sink，通常放置在source点附近，因此就会出现如上图这种结果。上图可以看出，在分析DFF到ICG的setup timing

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1.系统最高运行速度：

Tco ——触发器的输入数据被时钟打入到触发器到数据到达触发器输出端的延时时间；

Tdelay——组合逻辑的延时；

Tsetup ——Ｄ触发器的建立时间。

最小的时钟周期 Tmin =Tco＋ Tdelay＋ Tsetup，

即最快的时钟频率 Fmax=1/Tmin。

2.举例

最小的时钟周期为 Tmin = tClk-Q(A) + tpd(F) + ts(B) = 10+5+ 2=17 ns

最大时钟频率为fmax = 1/Tmin = 5

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在制程进入深次微米世代之后，芯片（IC）设计的高复杂度及系统单芯片（SOC）设计方式兴起。此一趋势使得如何确保IC质量成为今日所有设计从业人员不得不面临之重大课题。静态时序分析（Static Timing Analysis简称STA）经由完整的分析方式判断IC是否能够在使用者的时序环境下正常工作，对确保IC质量之课题，提供一个

不错的解决方案。然而，对于许多IC设计者而言，STA是个既熟悉却又陌生的名词。本文将力求以简单叙述及图例说明的方式，对STA的基础概念及其在IC设计流程中的应用做详尽的介绍。

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ASIC Guide from Atmel.pdf

asic_design_guide.pdf

ASIC中的异步时序设计.doc

ASIC设计教程.pdf

asynchronous signals in a synchronous world.pdf

clock_switch_glitch_free.pdf

Digital_Clocks_for_Synchronization_and_Communications.pdf

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Verilog_CH06_FSM.pdf

xilinx_HDL_Coding艺术技巧.PDF

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Introduction to STA

About STA

STA（静态时序分析）详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?-CSDN博客

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tokenpocketcom官网下载苹果|sta

tokenpocketcom官网下载苹果|sta

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时序分析之STA(1) - 知乎

国潮品牌STA发布第一款独立球鞋，主理人：不致敬、直接抄！ - 知乎

同步热分析（STA）案例分析 - 知乎

主页英文版

Introduction to STA

About STA

STA（静态时序分析） 详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?-CSDN博客

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STA（静态时序分析）详解：如何计算最大时钟频率，以及判断电路是否出现时钟违例（timing violation）?-CSDN博客